Preheat oven to 350°F (175°C). Grease and line either three 6-inch cake pans or two 8-inch pans with parchment paper.
In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt. Set aside.
In a large bowl, cream the butter and sugar with an electric mixer on high speed until fluffy (about 3-4 minutes).
Add the eggs and lemon zest, mixing on medium-high speed until smooth and slightly fluffy (about 2-3 minutes). Scrape the bowl as needed.
Alternate adding the flour mixture and buttermilk to the butter mixture, mixing on low speed just until combined and smooth.
Toss the blueberries with 1 tablespoon of flour, then gently fold them into the batter.
Divide the batter evenly among the prepared pans.
Bake for 33-36 minutes (for 6-inch pans) or 28-32 minutes (for 8-inch pans), until a toothpick comes out clean. Cool in the pans for 5 minutes, then transfer to a wire rack to cool completely.